This tutorial will help you to install VirtualBox on Debian 11 Bullseye Linux system.

Before we start

Login to the Debian 11 desktop system with a sudo privileges account. Update all the currently installed packages on your system. To do this simply run the following commands.

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade 

Step 1 – Setup Apt Repository

First of all, You need to add Oracle public keys to your system, which is used to sign the Debian packages. You can add these keys with the following commands.

wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - 
wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - 

Then configure the apt repository on your Debian 10 Buster system. This command will add an entry to /etc/apt/sources.list file at end of the file.

sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian buster contrib" 

Step 3 – Install VirtualBox on Debian 10

After completing the above steps, let’s install VirtualBox using the following commands. If you have already installed an older version of VirtualBox, the Below command will update it automatically.

sudo apt update 
sudo apt install virtualbox-6.1 

That’s it. You have successfully installed Virtualbox on your Linux system.

Step 4 – Launch VirtualBox

You can use the dashboard navigation tool to start VirtualBox or simply execute the following command from a terminal.

virtualBox & 

The post How To Install Oracle VirtualBox on Debian 11 appeared first on TecAdmin.

Composer is a similar tool to npm for Node.js, pip for Python, and bundler for ROR. Composer 2 is the latest available version for your system with enhanced performance. We will use that version to install on our system.

This tutorial helps you to install and use PHP composer on Debian 11 Bullseye Linux system.

Prerequisites

• Shell access to a running Debian system with sudo privilege.
• Install PHP 5.3 or higher version on Debain.
• All newly installed systems recommended to follow initial server setup with Debian 11

Installing PHP Composer on Debian

A PHP script is provided by the official team to configure the composer on your system. You can download it with curl or wget command-line utility. Also, you can download it with the PHP script.

Open a terminal and run:

php -r "copy('https://getcomposer.org/installer', 'composer-setup.php');" 

A composer-setup.php file will be created in current directory. Now execute this PHP script to install the composer at the desired location. Use --install-dir to set the binary location and --filename to set the binary name. You can install composer globally accessible for all users and projects or install locally for a specific project.

• To install composer globally, type:

  php composer-setup.php --install-dir=/usr/local/bin --filename=composer
  chmod +x /usr/local/bin/composer
  

• You can also install composer under the specific application. This is helpful for shared hosting environments, where you don’t have sudo or root access. To install composer locally for a specific project, type:

  cd /path/to/php-application && mkdir -p bin 
  php composer-setup.php --install-dir=bin --filename=composer
  chmod +x bin/composer
  

  Change /path/to/php-application with the actually application directory.

To see the installed composer version execute binary with -v command parameter.

composer --version

Output:
Composer version 2.2.6 2022-02-04 17:00:38

Upgrade PHP Composer

The PHP composer has the ability to self-upgrade to the latest versions. If the composer is already installed on your system, just type the below command to upgrade PHP composer to the latest version.

composer self-update

In my case, I already have latest version of composer. So receive the following message on terminal:

Output:
You are already using the latest available Composer version 2.2.6 (stable channel).

Working with PHP Composer

You have already installed and configured the composer on your system. Composer will help you to manage modules for your application. For example, to install a new module for your application.

Switch to the PHP application.

cd /path/to/php-application 

Run the following command to install psr/log module in the application.

composer require psr/log

Output:
Using version ^1.1 for psr/log
./composer.json has been created
Running composer update psr/log
Loading composer repositories with package information
Updating dependencies
Lock file operations: 1 install, 0 updates, 0 removals
  - Locking psr/log (1.1.4)
Writing lock file
Installing dependencies from lock file (including require-dev)
Package operations: 1 install, 0 updates, 0 removals
  - Downloading psr/log (1.1.4)
  - Installing psr/log (1.1.4): Extracting archive
Generating autoload files

Composer will automatically create or update composer.json file at application root directory. Now, the application can use the functionality provided by the module.

The above command will install the latest version of the module. You can also define the module version you want to install for your application. If the module is already installed, it will automatically downgrade/upgrade package to the specified version.

composer require psr/log=1.0

The module no longer required can be removed with the following command.

composer remove psr/log

All the above commands also update composer.json file accordingly.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, you have found instructions to install composer on a Debian Linux system. You can install composer globally to allow access to all users and applications. Also, you can install composer for a specific directory.

The post How To Install and Use PHP Composer on Debian 11 appeared first on TecAdmin.

It is available for all Operating Systems; in this article, you will learn how to install NodeJs on your Debian system (Linux OS) so that you can build amazing applications using NodeJs.

Given below are three methods to install NodeJs on Debian 11, you can follow any of these you find easier for successful installation:

• Installing Node.js from Debian Repository
• Install NodeJs using PPA
• Installing NodeJs using NVM

Method 1 – Installing Nodejs from Debian Repository

At the time of writing this tutorial, the Node.js 12.22.5 version is available under default repositories. To get this version of NodeJs on your Debian system follow the steps mentioned below:

1. Update Packages – First update all the packages previously installed in the System by below mentioned command:

   sudo apt update 
   

2. Install Nodejs and NPM – The “npm” is the package manager of NodeJs, run the below mentioned command to install NodeJs and npm on Debian 11:

   sudo apt install nodejs npm 
   

3. Check Version – To verify the correct version installation of NodeJs, run the below mentioned command to check version number of recently installed NodeJs:

   node -v 
   

   Output:
   v12.22.5
   

Method 2 – How to install NodeJs using NodeSource PPA

You can use a PPA (Personal Package Archive) provided by NodeSource to operate with the latest version of NodeJs. This is an alternative repository containing ‘Apt’ and contains current versions than the official Debian repositories for NodeJs.

Follow the steps below for successful installation of NodeJs using PPA:

1. Install PPA – To install NodeJs Package using “Apt”, add the repository to Package list using below-mentioned syntax:

   curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_[version_number] -o nodesource_setup.sh

   You can replace “version number” with the version you want to install, here I am installing stable version “16.x” by below mentioned command:

   curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_16.x -o nodesource_setup.sh 
   

2. Configure NodeSource setup – Run the below mentioned to inquire newly downloaded script, it will open a file and after inspecting the file press Ctrl+X to exit the file and return to terminal:

   nano nodesource_setup.sh 
   

3. Run the Script – After configuring the script, run the script using below mentioned command:

   sudo bash nodesource_setup.sh 
   

   The PPA is added to your settings and the local package cache is instantly updated.

4. Install NodeJs – Now after adding PPA, install NodeJs using below mentioned command, we don’t need to install npm separately here as it is already included in package:

   sudo apt install nodejs 
   

5. Check Version – Now verify installation by checking version number of NodeJs:

   node -v 
   

   Output:
   v16.14.0
   

   Also check version of npm to verify its installation with NodeJs:

   npm -v 
   

   Output:
   8.3.1
   

6. Installing “build-essential” – To get the needy tools to work with npm package, run the below mentioned command:

   sudo apt install build-essential 
   

Method 3 – Installing NodeJs using NVM on Debian 11

Node Version Manager, abbreviated as NVM, can also be used to install NodeJs on Debian. Instead of functioning in the operating system, NVM operates in the home directory of your user at the level of an independent directory. In other words, without impacting the overall system, you may install numerous autonomous NodeJs versions.
You may use NVM to control your environment while maintaining and handling prior releases in the latest NodeJs versions.

Follow the steps given below to install NodeJs using NVM:

1. Download NVM installation script – Firstly, from the GitHub link download the nvm installation script by the below-mentioned command:

   curl -sL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/creationix/nvm/master/install.sh -o install_nvm.sh 
   

2. Configure script – Using nano command, inquire the downloaded script by below mentioned command:

   nano install_nvm.sh 
   

   After checking the file, if everything seems good then exit the editor by pressing Ctrl+X.

3. Run the script – After configuring the file, run the downloaded script:

   bash install_nvm.sh 
   

4. Gain Access to NVM Functionality – Running NVM script will add additional setup to “~/ .profile” , allowing the new program, you will either log out or log in back; reload “~/ .profile” file using:

   source ~/.profile 
   

5. Install NodeJs from available versions on NVM –
   First, we can check which versions of NodeJs are available on NVM by below mentioned command:

   nvm ls-remote 
   

   Now choose the version number you want to install from list, Syntax: nvm install [version-number]

   I am going to install version 16.14.0, so replace [version-number] with 16.14.0:

   nvm install 16.14.0 
   

   In general, the latest version is used by nvm, you need to tell nvm to use the version you downloaded by below mentioned command:

   nvm use 16.14.0 
   

6. Check Version – You can check the version of NodeJs installed using:

   node -v 
   

   Output:
   v16.14.0
   

   If you are having many node versions installed on your system, to check recently installed version, run the below mentioned command:

   nvm ls 
   

   Output:
   ->     v16.14.0
            system
   default -> 16.14.0 (-> v16.14.0)
   iojs -> N/A (default)
   unstable -> N/A (default)
   node -> stable (-> v16.14.0) (default)
   stable -> 16.14 (-> v16.14.0) (default)
   lts/* -> lts/gallium (-> v16.14.0)
   lts/argon -> v4.9.1 (-> N/A)
   lts/boron -> v6.17.1 (-> N/A)
   lts/carbon -> v8.17.0 (-> N/A)
   lts/dubnium -> v10.24.1 (-> N/A)
   lts/erbium -> v12.22.10 (-> N/A)
   lts/fermium -> v14.19.0 (-> N/A)
   lts/gallium -> v16.14.0
   

Set Default Version of NodeJs using NVM

If you want to set any version as default, type the below-mentioned syntax: nvm alias default [version-number]

I am going to default version v16.14.0 so replace [version-number] with v16.14.0:

nvm alias default 16.14.0 

Test NodeJs

We can check whether our installed NodeJs is working or not; make sample JavaScript file using nano command:

nano sample.js 

The file will be opened in the editor now enter the below-shown content in the file to print “Hello World” on Terminal. Press Ctrl+O to save file and press Ctrl+X to exit file:

const http = require(‘http’);
const hostname = ‘localhost’;
const port = 3000;

const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.statusCode = 200;
  res.setHeader(‘Content-Type’, ‘text/plain’);
  res.end(‘Hello World\n’);
});
  server.listen(port, hostname, () => {
  console.log(‘Server running at http://${hostname}:${port}/’);
});

Now to start application run below mentioned command:

node sample.js 

Output:
Server running at http://localhost:3000

Run below mentioned command to test application on another terminal:

curl http://localhost:3000 

How to uninstall NodeJs from Debian 11 Bullseye

Depending on the version you wish to target, you can remove NodeJs with apt or NVM You will need to deal with the apt program on the system level to uninstall versions installed from the Debian repository or from PPA.
To uninstall any of version, run the below mentioned command:

sudo apt remove nodejs 

If you wanted to uninstall version of NodeJs installed from NVM, for that first check the current version of NodeJs installed by below mentioned command:

nvm current 

Then run the below-mentioned syntax to uninstall any specific version of NodeJs installed using NVM on your system:

nvm uninstall [version-number]

I am uninstalling current version of NodeJs, so first I need to deactivate NVM:

nvm deactivate 

Now run the command:

nvm uninstall 12.1.0 

Conclusion

NodeJs is a server-side framework to build JavaScript apps. It is used for both back-end and front-end programming. In this article, we discuss its installation on Debian 11 using three methods which are using Debian’s official Repository, through PPA Repository, and also through NVM and also discuss its testing and uninstallation from the system.

The post How To Install Node.Js on Debian 11 appeared first on TecAdmin.

It is available for all OS. The latest version of PHP is version 8 and in this article, we will discuss the installation of PHP on the Debian 11 (Bullseye) Linux system.

Prerequisites

First, update all the packages of the system by below-mentioned command:

sudo apt update 

After updating packages, now install the dependencies required by the below-mentioned command:

sudo apt install software-properties-common ca-certificates lsb-release apt-transport-https 

Step 1 – Enable SURY Repository

The following step is to integrate the SURY repository into our system. SURY is a Debian-based third-party PHP repository that bundles PHP software, run the following command to add SURY repository:

sudo sh -c 'echo "deb https://packages.sury.org/php/ $(lsb_release -sc) main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/php.list' 

Importing the GPG key for the repository by the below-mentioned command:

wget -qO - https://packages.sury.org/php/apt.gpg | sudo apt-key add - 

Step 2 – Installing PHP on Debian 11

Now again update packages for syncing them with the recently added SURY repository before installing php:

sudo apt update 

The SURY repository contains PHP 8.1, 8.0, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2. 7.1, 7.0 & PHP 5.6. As the latest stable version of PHP is 8.0, but a large number of websites still required PHP 7. You can install any of the required PHP versions on your system.

• Install PHP 8.1 on Debian

  sudo apt install php8.1 
  

• Install PHP 7.4 on Debian

  sudo apt install php7.4 
  

• Install PHP 5.6 on Debian

  sudo apt install php5.6 
  

Replace version 8.1, 7.4 or 5.6 with the required PHP version to install on your Debian system. Even you can install multiple PHP versions on a single Debian system.

Step 3 – Installing PHP Extension

Moreover, we can also add the php extension by below-mentioned syntax:

sudo apt install php8.1-[extension]

Replace [extension] with the extension you want to install, if you want to add multiple extensions then include them in braces, I am going to install “php-mbstring, php-cli, php-xml, php-common, and php-curl” by running the below-mentioned command:

sudo apt install php8.1-cli php8.1-mbstring php8.1-xml php8.1-common php8.1-curl 

Users have installed different PHP version, need to replace 8.1 with required PHP versions.

Step 4 – Checking PHP Version

Now after installation verify that the correct version of PHP is installed by checking the version number by the below-mentioned command:

php -v 

Output:
PHP 8.1.2 (cli) (built: Jan 27 2022 12:22:31) (NTS)
Copyright (c) The PHP Group
Zend Engine v4.1.2, Copyright (c) Zend Technologies
    with Zend OPcache v8.1.2, Copyright (c), by Zend Technologies

Step 5 – Switch Between PHP Versions

You can use update-alternatives command to set the default PHP version. Use this tutorial to read more details about switching PHP version for CLI and Apache.

sudo update-alternatives --config php

There are 4 choices for the alternative php (providing /usr/bin/php).

  Selection    Path             Priority   Status
------------------------------------------------------------
* 0            /usr/bin/php8.1   81        auto mode
  1            /usr/bin/php5.6   56        manual mode
  2            /usr/bin/php7.2   72        manual mode
  3            /usr/bin/php7.4   74        manual mode
  4            /usr/bin/php8.1   81        manual mode

Press  to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 4

The above output shows all the installed PHP versions on your system. Input a selection number to set default PHP version for command line.

Conclusion

PHP is a free, server-side programming language also used with HTML programming language for creating dynamic websites. It is available for all operating systems but in this article, we discuss its installation on Debian 11 (Linux OS) Bullseye. You will successfully install PHP on Debian 11 after going through this guide.

The post How To Install PHP (8.1, 7.4 & 5.6) on Debian 11 appeared first on TecAdmin.

This write-up is focusing on the installation of Debian 11 Bullseyes on your system. So if you are new to Debian or want to upgrade simple follow the steps mentioned below:

Step 1 – Downloading Debian 11 ISO

Before proceeding to the installation procedure first we need the latest Debian distro ISO. To download the current version of Debian distribution visit Debian, click on the “Download” button to get the ISO file.

Step 2 – Creating a bootable USB

Once you get the Debian ISO downloaded, time to make a bootable USB containing Debian 11 ISO. A third-party utility is required to make a bootable USB, for that there are a couple of choices. Either Rufus or balenaEtcher can be used. BalenaEtcher is a much more simple and straightforward tool.

Insert USB and open balenaEtcher:

Now, select the image file, which is Debian 11 ISO file:

Select the USB drive, click on Flash:

The process will take a few minutes.

Step 3 – Boot settings

Bootable USB with Debian 11 operating system is ready. Now, insert a USB into the target PC and turn it on. Enter the boot menu: it is important to note that every machine manufacturer has different keys for the boot menu, possible keys are F1, F2, F10, or Esc. If you are a mac user simply restart your PC, press, and hold the options/alt key to enter the boot disks menu.

Once you are in the boot menu select bootable USB and press Enter to boot.

Step 4 – Installing Debian 11 Bullseye

You will get an installer menu indicating different installation methods. Choose one of the given methods for installing Debian 11 on your system. In this tutorial we will go with the easiest method ie “Graphical Install” option:

01. Choose the Graphical install option and hit enter to continue.

02. Select your preferred language and click on “continue”. English will be th edefault selected language.

03. Now, select your location, and Debian will set the time accordingly:

04. Next, configure the keyboard, you are using. choose the keyboard language and click continue.

04. Upon clicking “continue”, Debian will configure network settings:

05. Now, the installer will prompt you to enter the hostname. A hostname is a single word that identifies your system to the network. Click continue.

06. Next, the installer will ask for the domain name. If you don’t have any domain name, just leave it empty and click continue.

07. Time to set a strong password for the root user. As root has unlimited privileges, so keep its password more strong and don’t share it.

08. Enter a name for a user and click on “continue”, though the user can be created later. First type the full name of the user:

09. Give a username, this will be a sudo privileged account for your working.

10. Now enter a password for the new user:

11. Choose a peffered timezone for your Debian 11 system and click Continue.

12. Partition method depends upon the personal preference, for most users default method “Guided- use entire disk” is recommended:

13. On this screen, all the attached hard disks will be listed here. Now be careful while selecting the disk because of other attached drives.

14. The next step is about partition scheme, leave it default and click on “continue”:. You can also choose second or third options as your choice.

15. Next, you will be prompt with the partition settings. With the default selection in the previous second, you will see a root (/) and a swap partition. After reviewing it click on “continue”:

16. Confirm the configuration by selecting “Yes” and click on “continue”:

17. The base system installation will begin:

18. Now, set up the package manager, if it asks for scanning storage media then select “no”, and continue:

19. Now the installer will configure the package manager via the internet. Select the archive mirror country:

20. After selecting a country, choose archive mirror:

21. Leave the HTTP proxy blank:

22. Now, wait for package manager configuration:

23. After that, you will be prompt with a package usage survey option, if you want to participate select “yes” otherwise “no”:

24. Now, choose the desktop environment from the list and other utilities such as SSH to install:

25. Wait for the installation process to finish:

26. The next, step is boot loader installation, press “yes” to install the GRUB boot-loader, it is important to install because without it Debian will not load:

27. Now, select the storage media on which Debian is installed, it is usually “/dev/sda”, click “continue”:

28. Wait for the installation:

29. Now, the installation is completed:

30. Now you will see the login screen, enter credentials created in the previous steps to begin using the latest Debian 11 Bullseye:

Congratulations, You have installed the most stable version of Debian Linux on your system.

Conclusion

Debian 11 Bullseye comes with a lot of enhanced features and to access the latest enhancements, it is recommended to upgrade if you are using an older version of Debian. There are various ways to get Debian 11 on your machine; a bootable USB drive with Debian ISO is recommended because of its convenience. This write-up gave a thorough guide on how to install Debian 11 on your machine.

The post How To Install Debian 11 (Bullseye) with Screenshots appeared first on TecAdmin.

Debian is a stable, secure, and quite popular Linux operating system and ideal for server setup. Many distributions are based on it, especially well-liked Ubuntu, PureOS, SteamOS, etc.

The newest version of Debian is Debian 11 Bullseye, which comes with thousands of new packages, supports multiple desktop environments, driverless scanning, and an improved manual page.

This write-up is focusing on how to install, set up a server on Debian 11 Bullseye. When you install or upgrade to Debian 11, there is a configuration you need to perform to make your server secure.
Steps involve for initial server setup on Debian 11 are mentioned below:

Step 1 – Update and Upgrade the Debian

1. The first step is properly upgrading and updating the packages and the distribution. Login to the Debian 11 system and open a shell. To update the packages list use:

   sudo apt update 
   

2. Upgrade the packages using:

   sudo apt upgrade
   

3. It is recommended to update your distribution, for that use the below-mentioned command:

   sudo apt dist-upgrade
   

4. Upon upgrading remove the unwanted file from your system by executing:

   sudo apt autoremove
   

Step 2 – Creating a Sudo User

It is recommended to create a new sudo user for your server management instead of the root account. For that run the below-mentioned command to add user:

sudo adduser tecadmin

In the command “tecadmin” is the new user. Now, provide sudo privileges to the new user:

sudo usermod -aG sudo tecadmin

Switch account by executing the command:

sudo su tecadmin

It can be seen that the user has switched.

Step 3 – Configuring the System Hostname

To check the current hostname, use:

sudo hostnamectl

The hostname is the identity of your system over a network so it is a good practice to properly name your hostname and to change the hostname use the below-mentioned command:

sudo hostnamectl set-hostname debian11

For the sake of demonstration, I have changed the hostname to “debian11”. Now close the shell instance and open it again a new hostname will appear. To check the hostname use:

hostname

The new hostname is “debian11” now.

Step 4 – Securing SSH Server

SSH is also known as secure shell is a protocol that is used to connect with remote servers. When configuring the server, it is suggested to change the default port and disable the root SSH login. To perform these operations you need to open the configuration file in any editor:

sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_confiq

Search for the below line, remove “#” from beginning of line and change port 22 to 2284:

Also set PermitRootLogin to no and remove “#” to uncomment, as demonstrated below:

Save the file and execute the below-mentioned command:

sudo systemctl restart ssh

If you are unable to open this file then SSH server would be missing from your system, install SSH using:

sudo apt install openssh-server

Step 5 – Managing the Firewall (ufw)

1. Debian does not come with a firewall, so you are supposed to install it. Use the below-given command to install an uncomplicated firewall (ufw) on Debian 11:

   sudo apt install ufw
   

2. To enable the firewall use:

   sudo ufw enable
   

3. To allow the port, use:

   sudo ufw allow 2284
   

4. Though it is depend upon the preferences, to deny the incoming traffic use:

   sudo ufw default deny incoming
   

5. And to allow outgoing traffic use:

   sudo ufw default allow outgoing
   

6. And reload ufw:

   sudo ufw reload
   

7. To check the status:

   sudo ufw status
   

   

Step 6 – Rebooting The System

After making all the changes, reboot your Debian system.

sudo reboot 

Conclusion

While setting up a new server on Linux there are a few steps that need to be followed, that include upgrading packages, adding a new user, setting up a firewall, securing SSH.

This write-up thoroughly explains how to set up a server on the newly released Debian 11 Bullseye. We learned how to create a new user with sudo privileges, how to change the default SSH port, and setting up a firewall for the initial server setup on Debian 11.

The post Initial Server Setup with Debian 11 appeared first on TecAdmin.

Linux has tons of distributions for various purposes and audiences and Debian is one of them. Debian is a free operating system made by a set of individuals for a good cause. It is one of the most popular distributions made by volunteers coming together all across the globe to create a free-to-use operating system. The Debian system usually makes use of Linux or FreeBSD kernels. The GNU project, as in the complete name Debian GNU/Linux, consists of the main parts and tools for Debian. Debian allows the user the” freedom of software” as in their own words. The users can download it for no cost, free, and do a wide variety of work. From running a business server to playing games and what not.

Debian is stable and dependable unlike other Linux operating systems and this gives it a huge edge over them, not to forget it is free of cost in addition as well. Even if you use older codes, it will be in software that has been tested for bugs and been improved. Another advantage of Debian is that it is ideal for the servers and each version of it can be used for a long time. Debian also supports the architecture of many PCs and has the largest community. The users also do not need a strong internet connection to have access to Debian. Debian also allows the users to have multiple installer options. It is also secure and has long-term support without any additional charge. So many successful versions of Debian have been released since 1993.

Debian does not have any fixed dates or schedules for the new releases. It usually has three branches that are labeled as “stable” “Testing” and “unstable”. The most recent one is Debian 11 with the code name of “Bullseye”. Debian has over 14 releases of its version. After over two years of development, Debian 11 is available for the users. The stable version is finally here after all that wait.

What is New in Debian 11 “Bullseye”

Now, what makes Debian 11 different from the previous versions? This write-up is focusing on some of the extraordinary newly introduced features in Debian 11 Bullseye.

1. Additional packages

Now to begin with it has a lot more software options than the previous ones. This new version of Debian has a much-improved range of packages. Just to account statistically it has 11294 new packages adding to the total of 59551 packages. Some of the productivity applications, such as Calligra and GNUcash are the ones upgraded to the newer versions too.

2. Captivating New Theme

Bullseye has a very interesting new theme that is noticeable at very first glance. It is called “homeworld” and it features deep blue colors and geometric shapes.

3. Driverless Printing and Scanning

Another outstanding feature is that users are most likely not to use any driver for printing and scanning thanks to CUPS and SANE utilities. Bullseye can make your printers and scanners work out of box even if they require specific drivers to work with.

4. Generic Open Command

For interactive use at the command line, a new generic open command is available which is intended to open the applications from the default applications.

5. Updated Kernel

Now, jumping massively the Bullseye has a much-updated version of Kernel. It has an impressive leap from 4.19 to 5.10. This means users can expect better hardware support and it will be much better in fixing minor bugs.

6. More Stability and Security

Now the features that spring to mind are stability and security, guess what; Bullseye has improved that as well. It has replaced the default encryption algorithm with yescrypt. Passwords are now protected by yesscrypt instead of SHA-512.

7. Still Supported old 32-bit Systems

Now a thing to cling on, the Debian 11 still supports a 32-bit PC, considering how uncommon it is now this feature definitely stands out. The addition here is that along with supporting 32 and 64-bit PCs the bullseye supports 64 bit ARM making it true to its name “the universal operating system”.

8. Multiple Languages Input

For the better interaction of all of its users, the bullseye the new Fcitx 5 includes input in a wide variety of languages such as Chinese, Korean and Japanese. It also has options for other languages.

9. Latest Version of Desktop Environments

Debian offers various desktop environments, Bullseyes comes with the latest versions of all the desktop environments listed below:

• Gnome 3.38
• KDE Plasma 5.20
• LXDE 11
• LXQt 0.16
• MATE 1.24
• Xfce 4.16

10. exFAT Filesystem support

Debian 11 comes with ExFAT filesystem support thanks to the newer Kernel version 5.10.

11. Uniformed Controlled Hierarchy and Additional Features

The system, for a uniformed controlled hierarchy, automatically uses control group v2. Another new feature in this version of Debian is persistent logging, it activates by default the persistent journaling ability. It also gives users the option to uninstall it if they wish too and use the normal journal option. The manuals of several projects are also published in more translations. Again providing ease to the users as much as they can. French, Macedonian and Spanish has been visibly improvised.

Conclusion

For the users waiting for this version, it is definitely worth the wait. With many improvements for professional and new users, the Debian 11 is definitely worth a try. The users interested in installing the new version can directly visit the Debian web page.

The post Debian 11 Bullseye Released! Here are the New Features appeared first on TecAdmin.

Seeing these enhancements and features will push every Debian user to upgrade except for the production servers. The production servers should wait for few months before upgrading to Debian 11 “Bullseye”. If you are using Debian 10 Buster and in search of a procedure to upgrade to Debian 11 then you are on the right spot.

This write-up will give you a thorough guide on how to upgrade from Debian 10 to Debian 11 Bullseye. Let’s begin:

How to Upgrade Debian 10 to Debian 11

Follow to below-mentioned steps to upgrade the current Debian distro to the latest one:

Step 1 – Backup Your system

A very important step, before making any changes to your system it is recommended to make a backup. There are a number of approaches to back-up data, you can use rsync or any other utility such as back in time for making the backup.

To install backintime package on Debian use:

sudo apt install backintime-qt4 

Once the package is installed successfully. Launch the application and perform the backup.

It will be good to back up all crucial data to a backup drive or remote host.

Step 2 – Update /etc/apt/sources.list file

All the package repositories configuration details are stored under /etc/apt/sources.list file. So its a good idea to have a backup of this file. Create a backup of /etc/apt/sources.list file using:

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak 

Now, open file in nano or any other editor:

sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list 

In the file replace the “buster” word with “bullseye”.

Now, save and close the file.

Step 3 – Run Upgrade Debian 10 to Debian 11

As you have updated the the repository references to the Debian 11. Now, update the packages list using:

sudo apt update 

Then, update the software packages by executing the following command.

sudo apt upgrade 

While upgrading you may encounter with following prompt:

Select “<Yes>” and press Enter, all the packages will be upgraded and it may take time. Next step is upgrading the distribution by running:

sudo apt dist-upgrade 

Now distribution will update from Debian version 10 Buster to Debian version 11 Bullseys. After updating use the below-mentioned command to check the version:

lsb_release -a 

Step 4 – Rebooting the system

Though the distribution has been updated but the theme is still not updated, for that restart the system:

sudo reboot 

The theme will be changed after restarting the system as shown below:

Step 5 – Verification

Use the below-mentioned command to check the Debian version:

hostnamectl 

Step 6 – Run Cleanup

Though this step is optional but it is good practice to erase the unwanted packages after update; use the below-mentioned command to erase the unwanted packages:

sudo apt --purge autoremove 

Conclusion

Debian 11 Bullseye comes with many new features, including thousands of new packages, driverless printing and scanning support, improved manual pages, and removal of obsolete packages. These significant enhancements make it certain for every Debian user to update. This write-up is assisting the Debian 10 users to update their distribution to the current version of Debian. It is very crucial to back up your valuable files before making any of the above-mentioned changes.

The post How To Upgrade Debian 10 to Debian 11 “Bullseye” appeared first on TecAdmin.